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The effect of IL-2 may refer to it selectively modulated the abundance of regulatory T (Treg) cell, follicular helper T (T FH) cells, and IL-17-producing helper T (T H17) cells, but not T H1 or T H2 cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 was markedly reduced the disease activity in SLE patients. also found that CD5+ B cells were significantly reduced in the active SLE patients compared to inactive ones, indicated that the numbers of CD5+ B cells in the peripheral might be related to the SLE disease activity. reported that CD5+ B cells were significantly decreased in SLE patients compared to healthy control. Besides, B cells are an essential player in the pathogenic mechanism of SLE. found that the lack of T lymphocytes in the peripheral may contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. Abnormalities in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity have been implicated in the pathophysiology of SLE. SLE is a lethal autoimmune disease caused by unknown reasons. Taken together, we characterized the transcriptome and TCR/BCR immune repertoire profiles of SLE patients, which may provide a new avenue for the diagnosis and treatment of SLE. Furthermore, patients with SLE showed biased usage of TCR and BCR V(D)J genes. In addition, patients with SLE showed increased TCR and BCR clonotypes compared with the healthy controls. Besides, the bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these cell types indicates their role in inflammation response. The results demonstrated that neutrophil, macrophage, and dendritic cells were accumulated in SLE by annotating the immune cell types. The results showed that 9732 cells correspondence to 12 cluster immune cell types were identified in NC, whereas 11042 cells correspondence to 16 cluster immune cell types were identified in SLE. In this study, we used a single-cell 5’ RNA sequence and single-cell T cell receptor (TCR)/B cell receptor (BCR) to study the immune cells and the repertoire from ten SLE patients and the paired normal controls (NC). Exploring their expression and distribution in SLE can help us better understand this lethal autoimmune disease. The immune cells and the repertoire of T cells and B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Received: AugAccepted: OctoPublished: Novem

3 Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.2 Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.1 Department of Nephrology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.“They were leaner, had improved bone density and muscle strength and had a younger-looking immune system, among other benefits,” says Yadav.Immune cell and TCR/BCR repertoire profiling in systemic lupus erythematosus patients by single-cell sequencing They also had lower hallmarks of ageing, such as reduced DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. On average, these mice lived up to 12 per cent longer than those that weren’t given taurine. They therefore gave daily taurine supplements to 14-month-old mice, the equivalent age of a person between 45 and 50 years old. Next, the researchers wanted to see if reversing taurine’s decline could improve the animals’ health as they aged and potentially extend their lifespan. In a separate analysis of nearly 12,000 60-year-olds, higher taurine levels correlated with various markers of better health, including a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes and reduced inflammation. Among the human participants, those aged around 65 had taurine levels that were more than 80 per cent lower than those of the study’s infant participants. To learn more, Vijay Yadav at Columbia University in New York and his colleagues measured taurine concentrations in the blood of mice, monkeys and humans, finding that its levels declined as they all aged.